Numbers, Laws, and thoughts

This page discusses some "Numbers", "Laws" that seem to be interesting to me in my thoughts. I make no statement that these are true, but may contribute in thinking about some of the issues.



Average most often refers to the arithmetic mean, but is actually ambiguous
and may be used to also refer to the mode, median, or midrange.

The Arithmetic Mean (Usual definition of Average) is obtained by summing all elements of the data set and dividing by the number of elements. = $61.702.00

The Mode is the data element which occurs most frequently. = $61.190

The Median is the middle element when the data set is arranged in order of magnitude. =$25.000

e.g. see income tax results (2001)

Income range
Num. Returns
Total Income K$
Ave Income
Cum Returns
% Cum Returns
$1-to-$5,000

12592044

33298375

2,644.40

14030231

11%

$5,000-to-$10,000

12354102

92515491

7,488.65

26384333

20%

$10,000-to-$15,000

11903188

148650322

12,488.28

38287521

29%

$15,000-to-$20,000

11476963

200294955

17,451.91

49764484

38%

$20,000-to-$25,000

9971372

223549607

22,419.14

59735856

45%

$25,000-to-$30,000

8563035

235155806

27,461.74

68298891

52%

$30,000-to-$40,000

13843640

480541398

34,712.07

82142531

63%

$40,000-to-$50,000

10612617

475360387

44,792.00

92755148

71%

$50,000-to-$75,000

17559778

1074476035

61,189.61

110314926

85%

$75,000-to-$100,000

8903894

764115039

85,818.07

119218820

91%

$100,000-to-$200,000

8469199

1114318617

131,573.08

127688019

98%

$200,000-to-$500,000

2018372

578592628

286,663.03

129706391

99.6%

$500,000-to-$1,000,000

355617

240863950

677,312.81

130062008

99.8%

$1,000,000-to-$1,500,000

85479

103192473

1,207,226.02

130147487

99.917%

$1,500,000-to-$2,000,000

36491

62634095

1,716,425.83

130183978

99.945%

$2,000,000-to-$5,000,000

52157

154967884

2,971,180.93

130236135

99.985%

$5,000,000-to-$10,000,000

12266

83519500

6,809,024.95

130248401

99.995%

$10,000,000-or- more
6836
174988989
25,598,155.21
130255237
100%

 


  1. false dilemma. This is when only two choices are given when, in reality, there are more options.
  2. argument from ignorance. This involves claiming that what hasn’t been disproven must be true.
  3. slippery slope. An argument portraying a series of increasingly bad events
  4. ad hominem attack.Criticizing a person or group instead of an issue
  5. appeal to authority. Arguing a claim is true based on someone being an expert on the subject


 

Zipf's law, named after the Harvard linguistic professor George Kingsley Zipf (1902-1950), is the observation that frequency of occurrence of some event ( P ), as a function of the rank ( i) when the rank is determined by the above frequency of occurrence, is a power-law function Pi ~ 1/ia with the exponent a close to unity.

Note: This means that the Log Log plot of Frequency to Rank is linear: